STEPS FOR MAKING SCIENTIFIC WORKS

Sometimes we are confused in how and what the hell are meant to be done and the search for the manufacture of paper, students sometimes still confuse what are in need in writing a scientific paper.

Following the writing process, in the form of writing and how to collect materials formulate measures of material. The process of scientific activities (collection and preparation of written material) include:

1. Literature study.
2. The formulation of ideas / problems, which are part of the introduction.
3. Formulation of hypothesis.
4. The formulation of expected results and statistical analysis.

One by one, all four of these activities will be discussed below.

A  Library Studies

Menulia paper or thesis (Strata 1), thesis (Tier 2), dissertations (Tier 3) is part of students' academic task that runs educational programs. In addition, writing scientific papers is also to be performed tudas lecturers and researchers to develop science. Writing is also required to work ilmih untukmembuat accountability report on the research data or to publish research results.

To make scientific work, the initial step that must be implemented is the study of literature. However, before doing library research, we must determine what topics will be roughly accurate. In addition to books, journal material is also very important for scientific writing.

After finding a variety of literature appropriate to the topic to be studied, we begin to summarize the essence of writing (Annotated bibliography) from each library. This can be done with paper index or by typing on the computer. The advantage of using paper is that we can move the index-transfer sequence / composition paper or even classifying index into the subtopic-subtopic if the library has numerous annotations.

In making the annotated bibliography, should the data written in full:

a. Name of author, year published, title of article / book, name of publisher, city of publisher, edition keberapa. If there is a quotation, taken from the page number.

b. (For journals) the name of the author, year published, title of article, journal name, number, volume, and page number must be mentioned in a complete and correct.

Core information for the annotation in the paper should be concise index due to limited space, and an important must contain: the purpose of research, the number of ingredients and how to research, results, important discoveries, and opinions that we consider important to be quoted.

Long annotations contain at least 1,000 words to 15 pages long article, or in principle, reduce or abbreviate the length of writing to 15% of its original length (Glitrow 1995: 46). In scientific articles, ringkatan must contain the information: what, who, the number of subjects / samples, the results and findings, as well as an important argument in the article.

B.   Formulation of Ideas / Issues.

The formulation of ideas / issues are part of the introduction. Formulate permasalahn research will be better results if based on adequate literature study. Without adequate literature study, it would be possible only on the basis of research problems tend to logic and common sense, so permasalahn formulated to be shallow and without context.

A good problem formulation must be context sebelu issues presented and the reasons put forward research. The definition of context here is the depiction of the background to the emergence of problems. Formulation of the problem include the reasons why research needs to be done, and usually presented in the form of questions or statements.

C.   Formulation of Hypothesis

The hypothesis was formulated based on previous studies, and research results are expected. According to (Loeke, Spirduso, and Silverman, 1987; in Rudestam & Newton, 1992), the hypothesis that both must:

a. Free from ambiguity (double meaning)
b. Reveal the relationship between two or more variables
c. Implications for empirical tests.

D.   Formulation of Expected Results and Statistical Analysis

The formulation of expected results and the analysis made in the proposal / proposed research. It is useful to prepare, improve, add, and reduce the variables to be collected during the study. Should the formulation of expected results and statistical analysis done by making the tables. This will help format the data collection and data entry into the computer as a data base that will be further processed.

PHASE-PHASE PREPARATION OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS

1.Preparation.
2.Collection of data.

3.Organizing & pengonsepan
4.Editing concept (editing).
5.PRESENTATION.

1. PREPARATION PHASE

a) Selection of the problem / topic, consider:

    Must be all around us.
    Must be the most interesting topic of attention.
    Centered on the terms of a narrow and limited scope.
    Have the objective data and facts.
    Must be known scientific principles, although all slightly.
    Must have a source of reference / reference materials library

b) Restrictions topic / title determination.

    Restrictions topic should be done prior to writing scientific papers.
   Determination of the title can be done prior to writing scientific papers / after the writing of scientific work is completed.
    Determination of titles of scientific papers: questions that contain elements of 4 W + 1 H of What , Why , When, Where and How .
  
c) Preparation of the outline (outline).
        
   Lead author of scientific works.

guidelines for writing scientific papers so there is no overlap in penganalisisannya.
    manufacture of scientific work plan table of contents.

2. DATA COLLECTION PHASE

     Searching information from reading material / references.
     Collecting information from the parties who know the problem.
     Direct observation (observation) to the object to be studied.
     Experiments in the laboratory / testing in the field.

DATA COLLECTION AND RESEARCH

In the early days of cultivation do not waste the opportunity to study the literature. More diverse sources of information will be better. Literature can be used as the basis for the preparation of background problems (in the introductory chapter) and for the foundation of the theory (in chapter discussion of the problem). Make a weekly schedule during the year to monitor the progress of the manufacture of scientific work. The work requires a lot of energy, such as data collection, experiment or production tool should be performed early in order not to burden the researcher at a later date, and still plenty of time to make repairs and improvements.

Write down the well, all the results of experiments and fine save these data. If researchers do not include the overall experimental data in the paper, it could be during presentation of researchers need other data to reinforce his argument.


3. ORGANIZING STAGE & CONCEPTS
     
Grouping of materials, for memgorgani-sasikan which part comes first and which includes the last part. The data already collected were selected and grouped according to type, nature or form.
Pengonsepan scientific work carried out in accordance with the order within the outline of which has been set.

4. STAGE EXAMINATION / Editing CONCEPTS (EDITING)

Aims to:
    Completing the less.
    Discard the less relevant.
    Avoid presenting repetitive or overlapping (overlapping).
   Avoiding the use of languages ​​that are less effective, for example in the writing and choice of words, sentence formulation, drafting paragraphs, and applying spelling rules

5. PRESENTATION

Technical presentation of scientific work should take into account:
    In terms of neatness and cleanliness.
    Layout (layout) elements in the format of scientific papers, for example the front page (cover), title page, table of contents, list of tables, graphs list, a list of images, bibliography and others.
    The standards apply in writing scientific papers, for example, the standard of writing citations, footnotes (foot note), bibliography and appropriate use of Indonesian EYD.

The core of scientific papers:

1. Section Introduction.

    Background and issues.
    The purpose of the discussion.
    Scope / restriction problem.
    Assumptions, hypotheses and theoretical framework.
    Source of data.
    Methods & techniques.

2. Part of analysis or discussion.

3. Conclusions and suggestions section.

ASSUMPTION, HYPOTHESES & FRAME THEORY

   Assumption: the contents of a general statement that is undoubtedly true, give direction to the authors in conducting research and research conclusions drawn coloring.

The contents of the statement assumptions should be clear and relevant to the matter being investigated.
  Hypothesis: the statement that a tentative generalization about an issue that is not necessarily true.

The hypothesis tested in the research, if accepted / rejected. Hypotheses should be formulated in a clear and simple.
   Theoretical framework containing the principles that affect the theory in the discussion and assist the author in discussing the problems examined.

DATA SOURCE
        
   A scientific study should present their data sources.
   The study is based on the data source.
   If the many and varied sources of data, it can be used in terms of population and sample.
   Population is a collection of all data sources to be studied.
   Given the limitations of time, effort and cost, researchers can mengabil only some parts of the course as a sample.
 Terms good sample, the sample must be able to represent the entire population.
  Based on the samples studied, the researchers can make a generalization about the population research.

METHODS & TECHNIQUES IN RESEARCH

1. Descriptive method: a study based on data sources and analyze the data it is.
2. Comparative method: researchers compare the two data sources.
3. Method of experiment: studies using laboratory experiments or testing in the field.

METHODS & TECHNIQUES IN RESEARCH

Methods of social research:

1. Field research methods such as methods of census, survey method, case study methods (case study).
2. No field research methods, such as library research and content analysis methods (content analysis method).

In research practice, especially in social studies is sometimes used a combination of various methods or use two or more methods in a study.
Research techniques that can be used is the technique of interviews, questionnaires list (a list of questions) and observation.(b-prakoso)