16 tenses

In Indonesia in the know 16 tenses english though in general only 12 tenses. Bahasa tenses in simple sentences can be interpreted as patterns that change according to time referring to the past (Past), present (Present) and future (Future). By understanding the English language tenses we can make the sentence better though not necessarily always be used.
Here are 16 tenses english: 
1. Present Tenses
- simple present tense
- Present Continuous tense
- Present Perfect tense
- Present Perfect Continuous tense
2. Past Tenses
- Simple Past tense
- Past Continuous tense
- Past Perfect Tense
- Past Perfect Continuous tense
 

3. (Present) Future Tenses
- (Present) Simple Future tense
- (Present) Future Continuous tense
- (Present) Future Perfect tense
- (Present) Future Perfect Continuous Tense
4. Conditional / Past Future Tense
- (Simple) Conditional / Past Future tense
- Conditional / Past Future Continuous tense
- Conditional / Past Future Perfect tense
- Conditional / Past Future Perfect Continuous tense

1. Present tenses
1.1. Simple Present Tense

The first material to learn the grammar of "The Simple Present Tense. are the tenses of the most widely used, and because most of the discussion also will be longer. Simple meaning that is simple, while the present is now. So to say that the Simple Present is the tenses (sentence patterns) used to tell time today in a simple form. Another name instead of the Present is a BENTUK 1. So whenever you see the words present in any tenses, we can be sure that he used the BENTUK 1 - form what? yes verb form, because all the mandatory predicate verb is not, Let's see examples of sentences with the Simple Present below.

TOBE

I am a teacher
You are a teacher
We are teachers
They are teachers

He is a teacher
She is a teacher
It is my cat

If we observe, then the sentence above all use traditional predicate or PREDICATE-1 in the form of a 1, just look at her tobe not be separated from the AM - IS - ARE. The example above is the simple present tense in nominal terms, because all the sentences using the tobe-1.

Are there other forms? There is, namely "The Simple Present Tense in the form of VERBAL. Ie who do not have tobe but have verb. For now we simply conclude that there are 2 (two) types of the Simple Present is:

A. Nominal Simple Present

To change the PRESENT SIMPLE NOMINAL sentence into the form of negative (denied) or interrogative (question) is very easy, observe

(+) You are a teacher
(-) You are NOT a teacher
(?) Are you a teacher?
 

B. Verbal Simple Present

Now we proceed on the SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT sentence patterns - that is simple that does not use tobe present, but its VERB1 as predicate1. Observe the following examples

SubjectivePronouns Example
I I work
You You work
We We work
They They work

He He works
She She works
It It works

See, for prefix HE, SHE, IT . his verb use _s. Observe again the following example

He runs every morning
She teaches English
John has an English books

For verbs ending in hissing sound (hissing sounds - x, ch, s, sh), we use the suffix _es. thus becomes: Teaches, mixes, washes, kisses.

Exercise 1 :

read – John reads in the morning

1. read
2. sing
3. study
4. work
5. arrive
6. leave
7. practice
8. write
9. watch
10. finish
11. mix
12. pass
13. go
14. have
15. pray

Answer keys :

3. John studies
9. John watches
10 John finishes
11. John mixes
12. John passes
13. John goes
14. John have(s) -> John has
15. John prays

Observe again the example this sentence:

3. (study) -> John studies
15. (pray) ->John prays

For the verb study - before the letter Y is a consonant letter D, which is why the STUDIES
For the verb pray - before the letter Y is a vowel letter A, which is why fixed PRAYS

Exercise 2: Which of HAVE and HAS

We -> We HAVE coffee in the morning
He -> He HAS coffee in the morning

1. he
2 John and Mary
3. they
4. Mr. Allen
5. she
6. Mary
7. the students
8. my brothers
9. my brother
10. You and I
11. he and she
12. Mary’s sister
13. Mary’s sisters
14. the teacher
15. people

In learning Grammar should not be interrupted. Surely you already know that there are 3 groups of tenses is Present Tense, Past Tense and Future Tense each group each had four tenses. Where to each his tenses anyone has a type of verbal and nominal.
for Simple Present has a type of predicate nominal or its Tobe 1 as well as the predicatenya Verbal Verb1. To Par Simple Present, you've really understood how to use for each subjective pronounsnya Tobe, while for Verbal Simple Present - everything starting with He, She, It was then the verb get additional + S as follows.

I write
You write
We write
They write

He writes
She writes
It writes

Likewise the verb HAVE as He Have (s) get the extra (s) - so that the sentence is to be HE HAS.Changes in Negative and Interrogative Sentences

I
You DON’T (do not) GO
We
They 

For example: I don’t go, You don’t go, We don’t go, They don’t go. Next observe the following

He
She DOESN’T (does not) GO
It

Observe, in the sentence negative / interrogative beginning with He, She, It was a verb (verb) it returns to normal DO NOT USE + S again because there is already DOES.

(+) You write
(-) You DO NOT write
(?) DO you write?

(+) He writes
(-) He does not write
(?) Does he write?

Observe another example
(+) You have a book
(-) You DO NOT have a book
(?) DO you have a book?

(+) He has a book
(-) He does not have a book
(?) DOES he have a book?

1.2 Present Continuous tense 
Present Continuous tense in english tenses are used for ongoing action now, events in time is talking and the action lasted only for short periods of time. Present Continuous tense is also called the Present Progressive Tense

Usage:
1. current events or activities while
     For example: Mr. True to the writing a new book
                         Mr. Teguh sedang menulis buku baru
2. Plans for the future that it is definitely time for (personal)
     For example: I am going to Surabaya at 7:30 tomorrow
                         Saya akan pergi ke Surabaya jam 7.30 besok
3. related events over something or someone around the time now or is talking
     For example: it is raining day
                        hari ini sedang hujan
The formula for Present Continuous Tense:
Positive (+):
subject + to be (am, is, are) + Verb - ing + object
Negative (-):
subject + to be + not + verb - ing + object
Ask (?):
to be + subject + verb - ing + object
Examples of the Present Continuous Tense:
I am watching TV now (+)
Mr. Khanafi is not going to Jakarta (-)
Is Mrs. Annie cooking in the kitchen? (?) 
Present Continuous tense requires:
- Verb "to be"
Single,
      I am (first person)
      You are (the second)
      He / she / it is (third person)
Plural,
      We are (the first)
      You are (the second)
      They are (third person) 
- forms of the verb "-ing"
Example:
      Go + ing = going 
Description of time (adverb of time) are often used in the Present Continuous tense:
     "NOW, RIGHT NOW, TOMORROW, etc" 
1.3 Present Perfect tense
forms tenses present perfect tense in English is used for a simple action that is still ongoing or newly sajar stop, but have an influence until the present. Placing the emphasis on results.

Usage:
1. actions that occur in time before the current uncertain
2. actions in the past and have influence in the present
3. action that began in the past and still continues in the present 
Formulas:
Positive (+)
Subject + has / have + been + object
Subject + has / have + object + verb III
Negative (-)
Subject + has / have + not + been + object
Subject + has / have + not + verb + object III
Ask (?)
Have / has + subject + verb + object III
Have / has + subject + been + object

Example:
I have been at home for a month (+)
Mr. Handoko has not already eaten the satay (-)
Has Mr. Imam been here since 6:00? (?)

To form the present perfect sentences (simple) tense we need to know about: 

1. verb (verb) "have" (auxiliary verb / auxiiliary verb)
- The singularity,
     I have
    You have
    He / she / it has
- The plural,
    We have
    You have
    They have

2. past participle (been / verb III)
Example:
    Talk = talked (regular)
     Go = gone (irregular)

1.4. Present Perfect Continuous
express actions that started in the past and still continues. English tenses are also used to tell the events that started in the past and has just finished.

Use
1. action has been initiated in the past and still continues today
2. action that has just stopped

Formulas:
Positive (+)
Subject + has / have + been + verb-ing
Negative (-)
Subject + has / have + not + been + verb-ing
Ask (?)
Has / have + subject + been + verb-ing?

Example:
I have been watching TV for two hours (+)
He has been playing football since elementary school (+)
Marina has not been learning English for two years (-)
Have you been reading a book for an hour? (?)

Description of time (adverb of time) that is used, "for" and "since" is a very general description used in the Present Perfect Continuous tense

2. Past tenses
2.1.Simple past Tense 
Used to express events that have occurred at specific times in the past. events can be short or long. Means can also be a few incidents occur one by one. In general, there are two important facts to remember in this english tenses:

- irregular verbs (Irregular Verbs)
- negative sentences and questions are not as positive sentences but retain the basic form of the verb

Use
1. Events in the past that have been completed (for example: I Went to school)
2. The situation in the past (They lived a normal life Until They won a lottery)
3. A series of actions in the past

Formula
Positive (+)
- Subject + to be (was / were the resource persons) + complement
- Subject + verb 2 + object
Negative (-)
- Subject + to be (was / were the resource persons) + notes + complement
- Subject + did not + verb 1 + object
Ask (?)
- Did + subject + verb 1 + object?

Examples of Simple Past tense:
He was a businessman in 1999 (+)
    - dia adalah seorang pebisnis pada tahun 1999
I sell these motorcycles in Surabaya (+)
    - saya menjual sepeda motor ini di Surabaya
She did not visit me yesterday (-)
    - dia tidak mengunjungiku kemarin
My Parents were the resource persons not home this afternoon (-)
    - Orang tua ku tidak ada di rumah siang ini
Did you play football yesterday? (?)
    - Apakah kamu bermain sepakbola kemarin ?

Description of time (adverb of time) commonly used in the simple past tense: Yesterday (yesterday, the other day (another day), just now (now), the day before yesterday (the day before yesterday), etc 

2.2 Past Continuous Tense
Expressing action in the past is in progress. sometimes the action can also be interrupted by something. forms of English tenses are also called Past Progressive Tense

Usage:
1. Ongoing Actions
2. interrupted an ongoing activity
     [Past Continuous] + When + [Past Simple]
3. Ongoing activities at the same time in the past
4. Question conditional / polite
     For example: I was wondering if you Could carry my bag.

Formula
Positive (+)
Subject + to be (was / were the resource persons) + verb-ing + object
Negative (-)
Subject + was / were the resource + not + verb-ing + object
Ask (?)
Was / were the resource persons + subject + verb-ing + object? 

Example - Continuous Past tense:
He was sleeping Pls I Came (+)
   - Dia sedang tidur ketika saya datang
He was not sleeping Pls I Came (-)
    - Dia tidak sedang tidur ketika saya datang
Was he sleeping Pls I Came?
  - apakah dia sedang tidur ketika saya datang ?
 

I was working all night yesterday (+)
   - saya sedang bekerja sepanjang malam kemarin
I was not working all night yesterday (-)
   - Saya tidak sedang bekerja sepanjang malam kemarin
you were the resource persons working all night yesterday?
  - Apakah kamu sedang bekerja sepanjang malam kemarin ?

2.3. Past Pefect (simple) tense
We use the Past Pefect (simple) tense to indicate a past action in relation to other acts previously in the past.
Usage:
1. tells an action already completed before another action in the past
2. sentence modality (Conditional Sentence) Type III
     If + subject + Past Perfect + Would have + verb III
     If We Had known the answer, We Would you have toll
    Seandainya kami telah tahu jawabannya, kami akan telah mengatakan padamu(in fact we already do not know the answer)
3. sentence indirect (reported speech)
     Ann: I have searched all the rooms.
     George: Had Ann said she searched all the rooms.
     George: Ann mengatakan bahwa dia sudah mencari semua kamar
 

for more discussion about the reported speech in various tenses here

Formulas Past Perfect Tense:

Positive (+)
Subject + Had + III + verb (past participle) + object
Negative (-)
Subject + Had + not + verb + object III
Ask (?)
Had + subject + verb + object III?

Example - Past Perfect tense:
They had been here before 1945 (+)
- mereka telah berada disini sebelum tahun 1945
They had not been here before 1945 (-)
- mereka belum berada disini sebelum tahun 1945
Had they been here before 1945 ? (?)
- apakah mereka telah berada disini sebelum 1945

She had gone to Amsterdam when I called her (+)
- dia telah pergi ke Amsterdam ketika aku meneleponnya
She had not gone to Amsterdam when I called her (-)
- dia belum pergi ke Amsterdam ketika aku meneleponnya
Had she gone to Amsterdam when you called her ?
- apakah dia telah pergi ke Amsterdam ketika kamu meneleponnya ?

Description of time (adverb of time) commonly used in the past tense Perfect this: after, before, already, as soon as, just, yet, Until, till, by the time that.
Past Perfect tense is also used for expressions like: "I wish", "as if / though" and "if only".

I wish I hadn’t gone there.
-aku berharap aku tidak pernah pergi kesana

Jono looked as if he had done something terrible.
-Jono tampak seolah-olah ia telah melakukan sesuatu yang mengerikan

2.4.Past Perfect Continuous Tense
used to express an action that began in the past and continue until other actions in the past.

Usage:
1. The duration of action of the past until a certain time point in the past also
2. sentence modality (Conditional Sentence) Type III
     If it hadn't been raining, We Would have Played football
3. sentence indirect (reported speech)
     Ann: I was Crying
     George: Ann said she had been crying
    George : Ann mengatakan bahwa dia telah menangis

Formula
Positive (+)
Subject + Had + been + verb-ing + object
Negative (-)
Subject + Had + not + been + verb-ing + object
Ask (?)
Had + subject + been + object?

Examples of Past Perfect Continuous tense:

He had been living in Jakarta about ten years (+)
- Dia telah tinggal di Jakarta sekitar 10 tahun
He had not been living in Jakarta about ten years (-)
- dia belum tinggal di Jakarta sekitar 10 tahun
Had He been living in Jakarta about ten years ? (?)
- apakah dia telah tinggal di Jakarta selamat 10 tahun ?

Differences between the Present Perfect Continuous and Past Perfect Continuous is: Present Perfect Continuous express action that continued until now whereas Past Perfect Continuous   

He has been playing for two hours
-Dia telah bermain selama 2 jam (dia masih bermain atau baru saja selesai)
He had been playing for two hours when arrived
-Dia telah bermain selama 2 jam ketika saya tiba (sekarang tidak sedang bermain).

3. (Present) Future tenses
3.1.Future tenses

Among all forms of Future tenses, Simple Future is the most common, used in many situations such as when making appointments, predictions or plans. Future Tense is also called the Present Future Tense
Simple Future Tense is divided into two forms namely "Will / Marshall" and "going to" but have different uses.

"going to" be used in say an action plan which has been made in advance before talking. It is also used to express a prediction based on the signs at this time (probably inevitable) "going to" well known in the word "gonna" is often used in unofficial situations. IMPORTANT: Avoid using the word "gonna" in the English language test or formal atmosphere.

“will” is used in say a plan of action that you just think of / have not planned / spontaneous when berbicara.juga used to reveal the prophecy will happen based on the calculation or feeling (not necessarily the certainty).
Will often abbreviated
earnest = 'ill
Will not = will not
Will/shall is also often used with "problably, most likely, I think, I'm sure, I wonder (if, what, Pls, etc), I Expect"

Example - Simple Future tense:

We will go to school soon (+)
- kita akan pergi ke sekolah segera
We will not go to school soon (-)
- kita tidak akan pergi ke sekolah segera
Will we go to school soon ? (?)
- apakah kita akan pergi ke sekolah segera

The students are going to have a test next month (+)
- para siswa akan menghadapi ujian bulan depan
The students are not going to have a test next (-)
- para siswa tidak akan menghadapi ujian bulan depan
Are the students going to have a test next month ? (?)
- Apakah para siswa akan menghadapi ujian bulan depan ?

3.2.Future Continuous tense 
Generally used to indicate that we will be in the midst of an event within a certain time in the future. Future Continuous also known as Present  Future Continuous

Future Continuous also have 2 forms of "earnest" and "going to" have the same meaning and interchangeable when used. Unlike the use of the simple future tense.

Use

1. future action in progress
2. suspicion between the present and future
     Joni will not be sleeping now
     Joni tidak akan tidur sekarang (I think Joni is not sleeping now)
3. to ask questions politely about one's intentions
     Will You Be coming home?
     Akankah kamu datang ke rumah ? (I hope you come to the house) 

Formula 

Positive (+)
Subject + will from / Marshall + be + verb-ing + object
Negative (-)
Subject + will from / Marshall + not + verb-ing + object
Ask (?)
Will / Marshall + subject + be + verb-ing + object

Example - Continuous Future tense: 

I will be watching a movie tonight (+)
- saya akan sedang menonton film nanti malam
I will not be watching a movie tonight (-)
- saya tidak akan sedang menonton film nanti malam
Will you be watching a movie tonight ? (?)
- Apakah kamu akan sedang menonton film nanti malam ?

3.3.Future Perfect tenses

We use the Future Perfect tenses english is to declare the incident to be completed in the future that has already begun in the past. Future Perfect is also called Present Tense Future Perfect or Future Perfect Simple Tense

Formula
Positive (+)
Subject + Marshall / earnest + have + been + complement
Subject + Marshall / earnest + have + verb + object III
Negative (-)
Subject + Marshall / earnest + not + been + complement
Subject + Marshall / earnest + not + have + verb + object III
Ask (?)
Shall / will of + subject + been + complement
Shall / will of + subject + have + verb + object III?

Example - Future perfect tense:

I will have been in this hospital until tomorrow morning (+)
- saya akan telah berada di rumah sakit ini sampai besok pagi
I will not have been in this hospital until tomorrow morning (-)
- saya tidak akan telah berada di rumah sakit ini sampai besok pagi
Will you have been in this hospital until tomorrow morning ? (?)
- apakah kamu akan telah berada disini sampai besok pagi ? 

Majid will have rented my house next month (+)
- Majid akan telah menyewa rumahku bulan depan
Majid will not have rented my house next month (-)
- Majid tidak akan telah menyewa rumahku bulan depan
Will Majid have rented my house next month ? (?)
- apakah Majid akan telah menyewa rumahku bulan depan 

Description of time (adverb of time) are commonly used: Before, by tomorrow / 7 o'clock / next month, Until / till

3.4. Future Perfect Continuous tenses

We use the Future Perfect Continuous tenses english is to recount events that will take place at a certain time in the future. Future Perfect Continuous Tense also known as Present Continuous Future Perfect or Future Perfect Progressive.

Formula
Positive (+)
Subject + Marshall / earnest + have + been + verb-ing + object
Negative (-)
Subject + Marshall / earnest + not + have + been + verb-ing + object
Ask (?)
Shall / will of + subject + have + been + verb-ing + object?

Example - Future Perfect Continuous tense:  

My grandmother will have been visiting us tomorrow morning (+)
- nenek saya akan telah sedang mengunjungi kami besok pagi
My grandmother will not have been visiting us tomorrow morning (-)
- nenek saya tidak akan telah sedang mengunjungi kami besok pagi
Will your grandmother have been visiting you tomorrow morning? (?)
- apakah nenek kamu akan telah sedang mengunjungi kamu besok pagi ?

The phrase commonly used time: 

By tomorrow / 8 o'clock, This year / month / week, Next year / month / week 

4.Conditional / Past Future Tense
4.1 Simple Past Future Tense

It is used to express events that will happen in the past (not the present, the opposite of the simple future tense).

Formula
Positive (+)
Subject + Should / Would + be + object
Subject + Should / Would I + object + verb
Negative (-)
Subject + Should / Would + not + be + object
Subject + Should / Would + not + verb + object
Ask (?)
Should / Would + be + subject + object?
Should / Would + subject + verb + object I?

Example - simple past future tense: 

He should be in Banten next month (+)
- dia akan telah berada di Banten bulan depan
He should not be in Banten next month (-)
- dia tidak akan telah berada di Banten bulan depan
Should he be in Banten next month ? (?)
- apakah dia akan telah berada di Banten bulan depan ?

I should be pick up when you arrive at the station tomorrow (+)
- saya akan sedang sudah menjemput ketika kamu tiba di stasiun besok
I should not be pick up when you arrive at the station tomorrow (-)
- saya tidak akan sedang sudah menjemput ketika kamu tiba di stasiun besok
should you be pick up when I arrive at the station tomorrow ? (?)
- apakah kamu akan sedang sudah menjemput ketika saya tiba di stasiun besok ?

4.2.Past Future Continuous

We use the Future Continuous or Past Past Progressive Future tense of the English language is to tell an action that will be taking place in the past (for that was happening in the present is called Continuous Future Tense).

Formula
Positive (+)
Subject + Should / Would + be + verb-ing + object
Negative (-)
Subject + Should / Would + not + be + verb-ing + object
Ask (?)
Should / Would + subject + be + verb-ing + object?

Example - Continuous Future Past tense:

My brother would be finishing Thesis last week (+)
- Kakakku akan telah sedang menyelesaikan tesis minggu lalu
My brother would not be finishing Thesis last week (-)
- Kakakku tidak akan telah sedang menyelesaikan tesis minggu lalu
Would your brother be finishing Thesis last week? (?)
- apakah kakakmu akan telah sedang menyelesaikan tesis minggu lalu ?

4.3 Past Tense Future Pefect

Used to express actions that would have finished in the past (please compare the difference with the Future Perfect Tense)

Formula
Positive (+)
Subject + Should / Would + have + been + complement
Subject + Should / Would + have + verb + object III
Negative (-)
Subject + Should / Would + not + have + been + complement
Subject + Should / Would + not + have + verb + object III
Ask (?)
Should / Would + subject + have + been + complement?
Should / Would + have + subject + verb + object III?

Example - Past Future Perfect tense:

My mother should have been here at nine o’clock tomorrow (+)
- Ibu saya akan sudah berada disini jam 9 besok
My mother should not have been here at nine o’clock tomorrow (-)
- Ibu saya tidak akan sudah berada disini jam 9 besok
Should your mother have been here at nine o’clock tomorrow ? (?)
- Apakah ibu kamu akan sudah berada disini jam 9 besok ? 
Budi would have worked in leading companies next month (+)
- Budi akan sudah bekerja di perusahaan ternama bulan depan
Budi will not have worked in leading companies next month (-)
- Budi tidak akan sudah bekerja di perusahaan ternama bulan depan
Will Budi have worked in leading companies next month ? (?)
- Apakah Budi akan sudah bekerja di perusahaan ternama bulan depan ?

4.4.Past future perfect continuous tense
English past tense is used to reveal the events that will already is happening in the past. Past perfect future continuous tense has in common with the future perfect continuous tense
Formula
Positive (+)
Subject + Should / Would + have + been + verb-ing + object
Negative (-)
Subject + Should / Would + not + have + been + verb-ing + object
Ask (?)
Should / Would + subject + have + been + verb-ing + object?

Example - Past Future Perfect Continuous tense:

I would have working in leading companies for 10 years (+)
- Aku akan sudah sedang bekerja di perusahaan ternama selama 10 tahun
I would not have working in leading companies for 10 years (-)
- Aku tidak akan sudah sedang bekerja di perusahaan ternama selama 10 tahun
Would you have working in leading companies for 10 years ? (?)
- apakah kamu akan sudah sedang bekerja di perusahaan ternama selama 10 tahun ?

(b-prakoso/2011)